Methodology

The impact of disasters on agriculture and food security 2025 was prepared by the Statistics Division of the Economic and Social Development stream and the Office of Emergencies and Resilience of FAO.

Technical support was provided by the FAO Investment Centre; Office of Innovation; Office of Climate Change, Biodiversity and Environment; Fisheries and Aquaculture Division; Land and Water Division; Animal Production and Health Division; Natural Resources and Sustainable Production stream; Markets and Trade Division; Food and Nutrition Division; Agrifood Economics Division; Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division; and Partnerships and UN Collaboration Division.

An advisory board consisting of experts from the collaborating divisions and offices of FAO guided the production of the report. The board approved the outline of the report and reviewed its analysis and technical content.

The report underwent a rigorous technical review by senior management, experts from various divisions and offices of FAO, as well as independent external reviewers. Finally, the report passed a process of executive clearance at FAO by the heads of the co-publishing divisions, the Chief Economist, the Deputy Director-General in charge of Emergencies and Resilience, and the office of the Director-General.

Required citation:
FAO. 2025. The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 – Digital solutions for reducing risks and impacts. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7185en

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SPAIN. Crop fields flooded by a storm.

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^a The estimated average requirement is the daily nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50 percent of healthy individuals in a given population group. EARs are conventionally used to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes at the population level and to derive probabilistic estimates of nutrient inadequacy. For energy, estimated energy requirements (EERs) were calculated based on the median global population age in 2021 (30 years), average height (1.7 m for men and 1.6 m for women), and calculated weight (63.6 kg for men and 56.3 kg for women), using a conservative recommended body mass index (BMI) of 22 kg/m². An active physical activity level (PAL) coefficient was applied (1.25 for men and 1.27 for women). Resulting energy requirements used in the estimation of daily losses were 2 500 kcal/day for men and 2 000 kcal/day for women. Although EERs can be estimated across four physical activity levels, the active PAL is recommended to maintain health. Energy requirements are thus defined as the amount of energy an individual must consume to sustain a stable body weight within a healthy BMI range (18.5–25 kg/m²), while maintaining adequate levels of physical activity.⁸⁶
^b Adaptive social protection systems typically integrate components of human capital development, disaster risk management, and climate adaptation and mitigation. Shock-responsive social protection is generally considered a subcomponent of adaptive social protection, with a primary focus on the linkages between social protection and disaster risk management. In some contexts, the two terms are used interchangeably.