Acknowledgements

The impact of disasters on agriculture and food security 2025 is the outcome of extensive collaboration across several technical divisions and offices within FAO, primarily including the Economic and Social Development Stream, and the Office of Emergencies and Resilience (OER).

The report was jointly produced by the Statistics Division (ESS) of FAO and OER, with the overall guidance of Beth Bechdol and Máximo Torero Cullen, and under the direction of José Rosero Moncayo and Rein Paulsen. The development and production of the report was coordinated by Zehra Zaidi, the technical editor of the publication, with Part 3 coordinated by Wirya Khim. Technical and managerial oversight was provided by Piero Conforti and Fleur Wouterse.

Central to the development of the report were the technical papers and background materials prepared and revised by several experts. Valuable comments and final approval of the report were provided by the executive heads and senior staff of various FAO divisions.

Part 1 of the report was authored by Zehra Zaidi.

Part 2 of the report was authored and coordinated by Zehra Zaidi. In Section 2.2.1, the post-disaster needs assessment (PDNA) dataset was updated by Mahrukh Sarwar, with additional data processing by Ignacio Acosta at FAO. The C2 Sendai Indicator data was provided by Xuan Che of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), with support from Ignacio Acosta on the standardization and analysis of the dataset. The estimation of global disaster losses in Section 2.3 was conceptualized and produced by FAO’s Priti Rajagopalan, with support from Ignacio Acosta and key inputs from Nina Deliu (independent consultant). The quantitative estimation of nutrition losses was undertaken by Ignacio Acosta and Priti Rajagopalan, following a methodology developed by ESS and the Food and Nutrition Division. Victoria Padula de Quadros, Fernanda Grande, Giles Hanley-Cook, and Bridget Holmes of FAO also provided valuable inputs for this section. The analysis of losses in Fisheries and Aquaculture was based on inputs by FAO’s Iris Monnereau and a technical background paper on the impact of marine heatwaves written by Salvador E. Lluch-Cota from the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) with support from Arturo Yañez Arenas of the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Daniel B. Lluch-Cota (CIBNOR) and Miguel A. Tripp-Valdez (CIBNOR).

Part 3 of the report was coordinated by Wirya Khim of FAO, with support from Phillip McKinney (independent consultant). Peer review was provided by Gerard Sylvester and Nikola Trendov of FAO, particularly on digital agriculture and innovation. Section 3.1 was authored by Wirya Khim and Phillip McKinney with inputs from Gerard Sylvester. Jonathan Pound and Mario Zappacosta of FAO contributed inputs on the Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS). Iria Touzon Calle (UNDRR) and Animesh Kumar (UNDRR) provided inputs on the DELTA Resilience System. The Climate Risk Toolbox was contributed by Hideki Kanamaru, Andrea Setti and Arianna Gialletti of FAO. Case studies on the 2023 El Niño and 2024–2025 La Niña events were contributed by FAO’s Angela Kafembe, Andrea Amparore, Géraud Poueme and Josselin Gauny with input from Phillip McKinney and Wirya Khim. Inputs on SoilFER and WaPOR were contributed by Federica Chiozza, Rutendo Tadiwa Mukaratirwa, Alyne Spencer and Livia Peiser of FAO. Contributions on agrometeorological advisory services were provided by Hideki Kanamaru of FAO, with inputs from Phillip McKinney and Wirya Khim. Inputs on the Smart Extension and Efficient Decision-making (SEED) Hub in Sri Lanka were contributed by FAO’s Antonio Scognamillo, Sara Burrone and Kamran Khan Niazi. Section 3.2 was authored by Wirya Khim with input from Phillip McKinney. Contributions on Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), the Rift Valley Fever Early Warning Decision Support Tool (RVF-DST), Event Mobile Application (EMA-i), EMPRES Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i+) and Smart Markets were provided by FAO’s Madhur Dhingra, Claudia Pittiglio, Fernanda Dorea, Filip Claes, Fabrizio Rosso and Nick Lyons. Input on the Fall Armyworm Monitoring and Early Warning System (FAMEWS) was contributed by Shoki Al-Dobai, Fazil Dusunceli, Maged Elkahky, Shawn McGuire, Kris Wyckhuys and Jean Claude Rwaburindi of FAO. Contribution on the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) was provided by FAO’s Kamau Wanjohi, Thomas Gabrielle and Sophie Chotard with input from Wirya Khim. Inputs on the Agricultural Monitoring Platform (AMP) for the Sudan were contributed by Abdullah Barhy and Livia Peiser of FAO. Jonathan Pound of FAO provided inputs on the Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA). Inputs on the Event Visualization in Emergencies (EVE) were contributed by FAO’s Angela Kafembe, Andrea Amparore and Josselin Gauny with input from Phillip McKinney. Input on agricultural insurance innovation was contributed by Niclas Benni. Input on the Livestock Investment Rapid Appraisal (LIRA) was provided by FAO’s Bruno Minjauw and Madhur Dhingra. Input on linking early warning to anticipatory action was provided by FAO’s Niccolo Lombardi and Siphokazi Moloinyane. Contributions on social protection systems were made by Mark Johnson, Claudia Patrone, Federico Spano and Wirya Khim of FAO. Section 3.3 was authored by Wirya Khim, Gerard Sylvester (CFIA) and FAO’s Nikola Trendov, with input from Phillip McKinney. Contributions on human-centred design (HCD) and related case studies were provided by Van Lam Luong, Anna Müller, Berta Ortiz-Crespo, and Charlotte Schumann (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT). Matt Bjerregaard Walsh of FAO contributed a case study on digital solutions for transforming fisheries policies and management in the Philippines. FAO’s Milica Petruljeskov, Adria Urso Coll, and Annamaria Pastore provided input on the FAO and Google Earth Engine Partnership case study. Input on FAO’s Virtual Learning Centres (VLC) was contributed by FAO’s María De la Puente Arévalo and Madhur Dhingra.

Part 4 was authored by Zehra Zaidi.

Several external experts provided comprehensive review and valuable technical comments for specific sections of the report. The entire report was technically reviewed by Giuseppe Forino (University of Salford).

The FAO Publications and Library Branch of the Office of Communications provided editorial support, design and layout, as well as production coordination for the In Brief version of this report in all six official languages. Daniela Verona and Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue provided support on the design and presentation of report outputs. The FAO Meeting Services and Language Services branches of the of Governing Bodies Servicing Division (CSG) carried out the translations.

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FAO. 2025. The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 – Digital solutions for reducing risks and impacts. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7185en

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SPAIN. Crop fields flooded by a storm.

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^a The estimated average requirement is the daily nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50 percent of healthy individuals in a given population group. EARs are conventionally used to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes at the population level and to derive probabilistic estimates of nutrient inadequacy. For energy, estimated energy requirements (EERs) were calculated based on the median global population age in 2021 (30 years), average height (1.7 m for men and 1.6 m for women), and calculated weight (63.6 kg for men and 56.3 kg for women), using a conservative recommended body mass index (BMI) of 22 kg/m². An active physical activity level (PAL) coefficient was applied (1.25 for men and 1.27 for women). Resulting energy requirements used in the estimation of daily losses were 2 500 kcal/day for men and 2 000 kcal/day for women. Although EERs can be estimated across four physical activity levels, the active PAL is recommended to maintain health. Energy requirements are thus defined as the amount of energy an individual must consume to sustain a stable body weight within a healthy BMI range (18.5–25 kg/m²), while maintaining adequate levels of physical activity.⁸⁶
^b Adaptive social protection systems typically integrate components of human capital development, disaster risk management, and climate adaptation and mitigation. Shock-responsive social protection is generally considered a subcomponent of adaptive social protection, with a primary focus on the linkages between social protection and disaster risk management. In some contexts, the two terms are used interchangeably.