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Technical bookRural migration in sub-Saharan Africa: patterns, drivers and relation to structural transformation
Rural employment working paper
2019Also available in:
No results found.Sub-Saharan Africa has a long history of internal and international migratory movements. Migration patterns and dynamics from, to and between rural areas are profoundly differentiated across regions, and flows have considerably evolved over time. Yet, more recently, rural migration takes place in the unique situation of a major rural and urban demographic increase, which results in critical socio-economic and environmental challenges. In this context, intertwined migration drivers emerge and call for a better understanding of on-going dynamics. This working paper draws on a combination of literature review and data analysis, building on the results of the Atlas "Rural Africa in motion. Dynamics and drivers of migration South of the Sahara". This mixed approach is used to propose a conceptual framework based on past, current and future drivers of migration, then to examine observed patterns of rural migration and finally to discuss drivers’ characteristics and dynamics from case studies and existing datasets. -
Policy briefUnlocking public expenditure to transform agrifood systems in sub-Saharan Africa 2022
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No results found.This policy brief highlights the main challenges of public spending on food and agriculture in selected sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Public spending – or expenditure – on food and agriculture is widely accepted as the most cost-effective strategy to drive structural transformation and poverty reduction in developing countries. So much so that back in 2003, countries in the African Union stressed agriculture as an engine for socioeconomic growth, and committed to allocate 10 percent of their national budgets to the sector. Almost 20 years later, most countries out of the sixteen analysed in the FAO study on ‘Public expenditure on food and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: trends, challenges and priorities’ still struggle to hit this development target. What, therefore, is stopping countries from spending more on the sector? Rather than a lack of political will, various factors such as constrained public budgets, limited fiscal space, and the burden of debt repayments are obstacles to higher public spending on agrifood systems. Moreover, the policy brief underscores two critical expenditure issues: budget execution and implementation. On average, over 20 percent of funds goes unspent, and this is more likely to occur in capital investment expenditures such as irrigation and road infrastructure. Raising additional resources for the sector where possible, unblocking already available resources and managing them effectively, as well as de-risking private-sector investments in the sector, and prioritizing spending with the highest returns, are the keys to unlocking public expenditure to help transform agrifood systems. -
Technical studyAquaculture policies in sub-Saharan Africa and its sub-regions
A comparative analysis report
2024Also available in:
No results found.The policy research initiative aims to enhance the FAO capacity to support African Member Countries’ design and implementation of aquaculture policies aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the FAO Blue Transformation vision. This study examined existing aquaculture policies at the national, regional and continental levels. It aimed to identify priorities, and policy trends, and assess their coherence with the FAO Blue Transformation Roadmap.Examination of the aquaculture objectives of Blue Transformation, the African Union Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa (PFRS), and the Regional Economic Community aquaculture priorities showed broad similarities in the policy narrative and overarching dimensions. Specifically, the PFRS aims to jump-start market-led aquaculture; the East African Community’s (EAC) goal is to promote investment in sustainable commercial aquaculture and effective biosecurity measures; the Southern African Development Community (SADC) aims to increase the contribution of aquaculture to local, national and regional economic growth and trade; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) aims “to increase the profitability of environmentally and socially sound aquaculture to achieve continued sector growth”; and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) aims to enhance aquatic organism supplies, generate income and employment, and diversify livelihoods. However, the effectiveness of the policies depends on the dates of formulation and initiation and the level of implementation in each region. To date, these policies have influenced regional aquaculture outcomes with varying production results. For instance, SADC averaged 12 272 tonnes between 2002 and 2021, ECOWAS recorded 14 483 tonnes, EAC reached 20 967 tonnes, IGAD recorded 963 tonnes, and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) averaged 474 tonnes. Prioritizing aquaculture has resulted in public financial investments, with an average annual allocation of USD 9.44 million for ECOWAS, USD 34.62 million for EAC, USD 62.91 million for SADC, USD 33.81 million for ECCAS, and USD 1.95 million for IGAD.A number of these policy priorities were identified as common among all the Regional Economic Communities, namely: (i) environmental sustainability, including biosecurity; (ii) integration of aquaculture into national development plans; (iii) aquaculture as a source of food and nutrition security, employment, economic growth and poverty alleviation; (iv) transformation of subsistence farming to small and medium enterprises; (v) governance mechanisms to accelerate private sector investment, research, and national and regional coordination; and (vi) building resilience of aquaculture to climate change.
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